A Coptic Dictionary — W. E. Crum

Preface

Preparations for systematic work with a view to a Coptic dictionary were begun by me some thirty years ago, but intervening undertakings delayed effective progress for some time. Meanwhile it was ascertained that the Clarendon Press would be not unwilling to consider, when the time came, a project of publication. But early in 1914 a definite proposal to publish, at their expense and with provision of funds for collaboration, photography &c., came from the Berlin Academy. This generous offer I owed to Professor Erman, who saw the need of a Coptic dictionary on a scale worthy of that of the hieroglyphic Wörterbuch and who issued a statement on the subject. ^[1] A scheme was drawn up and work begun ^[2] and if the outbreak of war had not put an end to all hopes of carrying through such projects, the book would have been completed long ere now. Yet it was found possible to retain the help of German collaborators, as well as of those in the allied countries, and a few years after the end of the war a collection of material had been amassed large enough to justify a renewal of negotiations with the Clarendon Press. These resulted in the arrangement whereby the dictionary is now published.

In 1921 the late Professor Spiegelberg produced his Handwörterbuch, which he modestly described as a revision of Peyron's Lexicon (1835), but which in reality is far more than that. Its most conspicuous novelty was the addition, in all cases where in the author's opinion justifiable, of the hieroglyphic or demotic etymology of the Coptic form. The absence of this important element from the present work some students may regret; it was only after much hesitation that I decided to omit it. I cannot claim an independent judgement as to the appositeness of a demotic etymology, while to reproduce these in hieroglyphic type—for a mere transcription satisfies no one—would greatly have increased costs and yet have added nothing of adequate importance to what Spiegelberg has already given us. ^[3]

What is here offered represents an entirely new and independent working over of the total available material. Our word-collecting has all been done directly, from the texts; all those in print have of course been utilized—often after collation with the originals; so too all unpublished manuscripts, ostraca and inscriptions, to which access could be obtained. The quantity of material used amounts, at a rough estimate, to some 240,000 slips. ^[4] It is hoped that these resources give a sufficient basis for a comprehensive view of the language, in all its dialects and in all aspects of its literature: biblical, patristic and mundane. The total of recorded independent words—ignoring the countless derived forms—is 3,308, whereof some 390 are still of unknown meaning. These are mostly ἅπαξ λεγόμενα and some are no doubt misread.

If I name here only the principal sources which have become available within recent decades, some notion will be possible of the extent to which materials have increased.

To begin with the largest and, in some ways, the most important of extant collections, there are the fifty-six volumes from the Fayyûm, bought in 1911 by Mr. Pierpont Morgan, a body of texts unparalleled for completeness, if not for variety. ^[1] Next in size comes the Paris collection: some twenty-five volumes of fragments, the greater part of which has not yet attained to print. Then there is a considerable number of leaves in the Borgian collection, which Zoega's Catalogue merely mentions, the Curzon manuscripts (now the property of the British Museum), an interesting series in the Berlin Library and an important and varied collection acquired for the University of Michigan.

So far I have named mostly Saʿîdic MSS., emanating in great part from the library of Shenoute's monastery. Turning now to Bohairic, there is the imposing series, brought long since from Nitria to the Vatican, considerable parts of which are not yet in print—conspicuously the volume of Chrysostom, with its thirty-seven complete homilies—and there is besides a large number of important texts, chiefly liturgical, scattered among all the libraries: service books, hymn books and especially lectionaries, whence interesting variants of the received biblical texts may be gathered. The lectionaries were exploited by La Croze and, thanks to Dr. Burmester, we shall before long have certain of them available. Last, but by no means least, among our Bohairic resources come the vocabularies. The fourteenth-century Scala of Abû ʾl-Barakât (transcribed and interpreted by Kircher, but cited here from his MS. and acollation of eleven others) of course surpasses the rest in importance; yet there is plenty worth recording in the lesser glossaries also: many an Arabic translation or Greek equivalent, to throw light upon rare or doubtful words. It is true that these glossaries are the product of a late age, owing their existence to the disuse that had by then fallen upon the ancient language; but I have thought it better, here as elsewhere, to include too much, rather than too little, and to record everything from these medieval sources that could be claimed as ultimately Coptic.

As regards the lesser dialects, reference must first be made to the great increase in material resulting from the discovery and gradual publication of the Manichaean papyri, acquired by Mr. Chester Beatty and the Berlin Museum. These we have been able to use, thanks to the permission of their owners and to copies of the unpublished portions kindly sent by Dr. Polotsky and Mr. Allberry. But this advantage has been ours only since reaching the letter ^[2] and so many would have been the insertions in the Additions, had we attempted to record all new words and forms under the previous letters, that it seemed preferable to ignore them almost entirely and to refer students to the indexes of the eventual publications. The at present confused idioms included under the term Middle Egyptian, or, as in this book, Fayyûmic, may later on require special vocabularies, but most of its strange phenomena, so far as yet observed, have found a place here. ^[3]

Finally there is a large body of non-literary texts, which to the earlier lexicographer were entirely unknown. In Peyron's day not a single Coptic 'document' was available; nothing of the kind was heard of until the first batch of the Jêmé papyri began to attract the attention of C. W. Goodwin, E. Revillout and M. Kabis, in the 'sixties and 'seventies of last century. To-day conditions are far different; a great deal of material of this class is now in print: ecclesiastical and monastic documents, legal deeds, correspondence—official, commercial and purely private—tax receipts, accounts, lists; besides epigraphic texts: epitaphs, dedicatory inscriptions and the like. Further, magical texts of various kinds: prayers, incantations, curses, charms, whence many a strange, forgotten word may be unearthed. In some of these groups there is still plenty of material awaiting publication; nevertheless I think it may be claimed that but little—so far as it has been acquired for public or private collections—has remained unutilized.

Something must be said as to the method followed in recording and illustrating words.

From considerations of space and cost everything is abbreviated down to the limits, it is hoped, of intelligibility. For the context of words illustrated an English summary has often appeared sufficient. The punctuation and spacing are meant to be taken seriously, the use of the semicolon in particular being intended to separate groups in meaning or usage. All references are to the most recent editions of published texts, even where (as in Amélineau's Schenoudi) the later does not positively improve upon the older print. ^[1] Bible verses are given in the numeration of the published Coptic editions, without regard either to that of the LXX or of the English version. Manuscripts are cited, where possible, by their Coptic pagination; but this rule has been occasionally transgressed, notably in the Vatican series, where the modern foliation is followed. Quotations are printed as they appear in the MSS., their orthography uncorrected, except where ambiguity demanded emendation. Irregular variants in word-form are enumerated at the outset of each paragraph; at first those most rarely occurring were occasionally omitted, later on all were recorded. In the following subdivisions the Saʿîdic form often does duty for the rest. The gender of a noun is not stated except where positive evidence (by article, pronoun or the like) is to be had from the text.

As the long work progressed its quality has, I hope, improved; but if it were to be done again, not a few alterations in method would be desirable. Where a word is rare, it would be made clear that the instances given are exhaustive. ^[2] There would be some indication of the relative amounts of material drawn upon for each dialect; our paragraphs are apt to be misleading as to that: B is for the most part less fully represented than S, owing to the far greater variety of sources available in the latter. Less ambiguous and contradictory indications of dialect ought to have been achieved; S^f has often been attached to a form found in a text otherwise purely Saʿîdic, while S^a is used to include, besides forms especially Theban, those of more northern and less certain origin. Again, A² has not been always confined to MSS. in that dialect for which the name 'Siutic' has been proposed. ^[3] F of course embraces several varieties of idiom: that of the Fayyûm and those adjoining it in the river valley, wherein divergence from Saʿîdic is often slight; indeed I fear that in not a few cases (conspicuously where hybrid texts such as Mor 30 are drawn upon) examples from one and the same MS. may be found assigned to S, S^f and F. ^[4] The addition of the dialectal equivalent, in literary texts as well as biblical, is perhaps less valuable than at first appeared; divergence in detail between the bible versions—far more frequent than has usually been admitted—and still wider differences between the versions, even within a single dialect, of other texts, tend to lessen the significance of apparent equivalents. The decision to maintain the terms 'transitive' and 'intransitive' would perhaps not commend itself; they are used to distinguish between the direct relation of verb and object ('accusative', ⲛ-) and the indirect (ⲉ- and other prepositions), besides cases of the objectless verb.

Illustration must obviously be limited by our collections. A word or form may thus appear to be absent in one or other of the dialects which future additions to material will supply; another may recur later on, whereof at present only a single instance has been recorded.

No chronological arrangement of the illustrative quotations would have been feasible; the very nature of Coptic literature and the conservative traditions of its copyists make it impossible to arrive at more than approximate estimates of the relative ages of the literary texts—or rather, manuscripts. All that seemed practicable was to begin illustration with biblical, i.e. presumably the earliest, examples and those whereof the Greek originals and dialectal parallels give the best guarantees of meaning, and to follow these by quotations from the old Gnostic books—the Pistis, the Bruce Papyrus and the Berlin Gnostic text ^[1]—and next from the one conspicuous native writer whom the literature can boast: Shenoute ^[2] (322–451). Published biblical quotations in the Saʿîdic dialect can generally be traced in A. Vaschalde's indispensable lists (Revue Biblique 1919–22). To what age the mass of liturgical and patristic writings, be they of Egyptian origin or translations from the Greek, belong—whether mainly post-Chalcedonian and but rarely earlier—it would be difficult to determine. Non-literary documents are, in the majority, to be assigned to the seventh and eighth centuries. Wherever traceable the Greek original or equivalent—for the correspondence between them is often of the vaguest—has been added to patristic instances, but space forbade giving the references for these; the reader is asked to credit us with having in no case assumed a merely suppositional correspondent. In the biblical examples of common words I do not pretend to record exhaustively the Greek equivalents: those which occur but once or twice may be found to be absent.

The book being a dictionary of the Coptic language, the countless Greek words, scattered through every class of text, cannot claim inclusion. A very few are given hospitality which seem, by formal modification or distortion, to have attained to naturalization.

All the articles were written by me and mine of course is the sole responsibility for them.

The list of Additions and Corrections has grown to a portentous length; the quantity of the latter, seeing that at least four pairs of eyes had combined to avoid them, is humiliating. I can but hope that the list will not go unregarded by users of the book.

I have to express my gratitude to many friends for contributing in many ways towards the progress of the book. Before the organization of the Berlin project, referred to above, I had not contemplated extensive collaboration; but from that date I set about enlisting the services of collaborators and was thus able greatly to add to the body of slip-material which had already accumulated. The entire Saʿîdic and Fayyûmic and almost all the Achmîmic material was produced by myself and two friends. To one of these, Sir Herbert Thompson, I am indebted for far more than the mere making of slips: for he accepted the burden of reading the entire manuscript and has given opinions on many demotic matters, besides undertaking the long labour of the Greek index. His never-failing help and criticism have been of inestimable value, pointing the way to many improvements and saving me from countless inaccuracies.

To the other I owe a debt for collaboration of every kind, through many years—help so extensive, so fundamental and so effective, that I should be quite unable rightly to express here how much I owe to it. But for it the work would not have been carried through.

Of the Bohairic material a large part was gathered by the following scholars: Dr. H. Demel, Prof. De Vis, Prof. Drioton, Prof. A. Grohmann, the Abbé Porcher, Dr. H. Wiesmann; while less extensive contributions were made by the Rev. D. P. Buckle, Sir Stephen Gaselee and Mr. E. S. S. Harding.

To Professor Hyvernat my especial thanks are due, for he entrusted me with photographs of the greater part of the Borgian collection ^[1] and moreover lent his own photographic copies of many of the Pierpont Morgan manuscripts, while from the Cambridge University Library I had the inestimable loan of other volumes of that series. I owe a like debt to Prof. Lefort, from whom I have constantly borrowed photographs from the all-embracing collection at Louvian. The University of Michigan (thanks in the first instance to the mediation of the late Professor F. W. Kelsey) generously provided me with photographs of the entire Coptic collection. ^[2] Columbia University did me a similar kindness at the suggestion of Prof. A. A. Schiller. For photographs of certain Vatican MSS. I have to thank Fr. Chaîne, others I was enabled to procure through the liberality of the Griffith Egyptological Fund at Oxford and the Hort Fund at Cambridge, while acquaintance with the Vatican collection was completed by the loan of Professor De Vis's copies. I have been further indebted to the Hort Fund, as also to the British Academy, for generous financial contributions. Copies of Berlin ostraca and of Vienna manuscripts were put at my disposal by the late Prof. Erman and Prof. Till respectively, those of manuscripts in Russia by the late O. von Lemm and Prof. P. Jernstedt. To Prof. Erman I owe photographs of the already mentioned Berlin Gnostic papyrus. A find of Theban ostraca was, with M. Lacau's leave, sent to me in Bath by Mr. Winlock, while of ostraca from the Chicago excavations I had the benefit of Prof. Till's copies. I have had the use of M. de Ricci's MSS. and copies, of those of certain Cairo (Jkôw) papyri by M. Lacau, some of those at Columbia University by Prof. Schiller and of M. Munier's copy of an important Shenoute codex in the French Institute, Cairo. After Prof. Dévaud's death I was given his invaluable collection of etymological slips. The late Prof. A. A. Bevan, Mr. R. Guest and Dr. G. Sobhy have answered many enquiries respecting obscure Arabic equivalents of Coptic words; the late Dr. J. K. Fotheringham gave me help on astronomical questions, the late Mr. R. McKenzie on many Greek points, while Sir D'Arcy Thompson has done the like where natural history was involved. For an Arabic cross-index to Kircher's Scala I have to thank Dr. O'Leary's kindness.

Sir Herbert Thompson Greek index silently rectifies many inaccuracies to be met with in the book. For the English index I have to thank Mr. Charles Hart-Davis, by whom it was almost entirely compiled. For the Arabic index I am responsible.

From many others too I have had help, either in verifying readings or sending copies of distant MSS. or in giving information on special points. I name those not already referred to: Messrs. Böhlig, Ludlow Bull, Burmester, Chassinat, Černý, Delaporte, Drioton, Farina, W. H. P. Hatch, Hebbelynck, Hengstenberg, Holmyard, Keimer, Kuentz, Lantschoot, Meyerhof, A. Möhle, Munier, Carl Schmidt, Schubart, Simaika, Steindorff, Tisserant, Winstedt, Worrell, Yassa Abd el-Masih, Mrs. Charlotte Baynes, Dr. Dora Zunz. To all these and to others, if inadvertently passed over, I offer my hearty thanks. And I must express them also to the University Press: to the Delegates for sharing in the expense of publishing and to the compositors and readers for the admirable production of a complicated piece of printing.

W. E. C.

February, 1939.

1. ^In the Sitzungsberichte 1915, 127. I may perhaps add that, had I not accepted this proposal, the Academy was to have set about producing a Coptic dictionary of its own.
2. ^The committee responsible to the Academy consisted of Professors Erman, Harnack, Ed. Meyer and Wilh. Schulze.
3. ^Much etymological work was done by the late Professor Dévaud, but only some of it had been published in his Études d'Étymologie Copte, 1922 and in Recueil 39, when his untimely death occurred in 1929.
4. ^The total of slips made far exceeded this, but much was discarded as superfluous.
5. ^V Hyvernat's Check List of Coptic MSS. in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, 1919.
6. ^First citation on p. 267 b.
7. ^By the kindness of the late Professor Carl Schmidt and Fr. A. Kropp we have had the use of the latter's copy of the ancient Fayyûmic text of Eccl., Cant. and Lam. (Cf. W. Schubart & C. Schmidt, Πράξεις Παύλου, 1936, p. 5 ff.). Quotations hence have sometimes been distinguished as 'Schmidt'; the papyrus has since become the property of the Hamburg Staatsbibliothek.
8. ^Change in ownership of a MS., or subsequent publication, has unfortunately resulted in some texts being quoted under two designations.
9. ^The word 'rare', after a group of dialect letters, must be taken as relating only to the last of these.
10. ^By Fr. Chaîne in Les Dialectes Coptes Assioutiques A², 1934.
11. ^The classification in my British Museum Catalogue is often unsatisfactory: many MSS. in the Middle Egyptian section are in reality Saʿîdic, a few purely Bohairic.
12. ^Described by Carl Schmidt in 1896 (Berlin Sitzungsb.), but still unpublished.
13. ^I have included here, perhaps unjustifiably, the writings of his successor Besa. The recognition of Shenoute's work often depends solely upon the writer's style—a none too reliable guide. I have throughout attributed the well-known text C 73 129–153 to him (as did Amélineau, but not Zoega). I feel tolerably sure that it ought not to have been so ascribed; other parts of this MS. (especially P 130³ 59 ff) are clearly not by him. Cf. Leipoldt's discussion, Schenute, p. 11.
14. ^Those of the Shenoute MSS. were unfortunately not available.
15. ^The vellum leaves Mich 550 were subsequently numbered Mich 158, an alteration which I overlooked. The Librarian has, however, kindly arranged to leave the number 550 unused.

List of Abbreviations

• • A (with Sh prefixed) = E. Amélineau, Œuvres de Schenoudi, 1907 ff.
  • A = Achmîmic dialect; A² = Subachmîmic dialect.
  • Absal = Kitâb al-Abṣâlmudîyah al-Muḳaddasah al-Sanawîyah (Theotokia), Alexandria, 1908.
  • Abst = Kitâb al-Abṣâliyât wal-Ṭaruḥât, Old Cairo, 1913.
  • Ac = Acts of the Apostles.
  • acc = accusative.
  • adj = adjective.
  • Aeg = Lagarde, Aegyptiaca, 1883.
  • AIssa = Ahmed Issa, Dict. des Noms des Plantes, Cairo, 1930.
  • AJSL = American Journ. of Semit. Languages.
  • Alex = MSS. &c. in Graeco-Roman Museum, Alexandria.
  • Almk 1 = H. Almkvist, Kleine Beitr. z. Lexikographie d. vulg. Arabischen, 8th Or. Congr., 1891.
  • Almk 2 = continuation of above, ed. K. V. Zetterstéen, in Le Monde Oriental, 1925.
  • ALR = Accademia dei Lincei, Rendiconti.
  • Am = Amos.
  • AM = H. Hyvernat, Actes des Martyrs, 1886.
  • Ann = Annales du Service des Antiquités, Cairo.
  • Ap = Apocalypse.
  • AP = Acta Pauli, ed. C. Schmidt, 1904, acc. to asterisked pp. of book.
  • Ar, ar = Arabic.
  • art = article.
  • Asmus = H. Asmus, Über Fragmente im mitteläg. Dialekt (Dissert.), 1904, acc. to pp.
  • 12
    16
    21
    23
    24
    33
    51
    AZ = Zeitschr. f. Aegyptische Sprache, acc. to vols.
  • B = Bohairic dialect.
  • Bal = papyri from Balaizah, in Bodleian, in so far as not numbered in series “Bodl. Copt. (P)”.
  • Balestri = Sacr. Bibl. Fragm., III, ed. I. Balestri, 1904.
  • Baouit = Le Monastère de B., ed. J. Clédat, I & II (= MIF. xii), 1904 ff.
  • BAp = Budge, Coptic Apocrypha, 1913.
  • Bar = Baruch.
  • Berl. Or = MSS. in the Staats (olim Kgl.) bibliothek, Berlin (Crum's copies).
  • Berl. Wörterb = Erman & Grapow, Wörterbuch d. Aeg. Sprache, 1926–31.
  • Besa v Sh (Shenoute).
  • Bess = Bessarione (periodical), acc. to vols.
  • BG = Berlin Gnostic Papyrus 8502 (cf. Preuss. Akad., Sitz. xxxvi, 839), from photographs.
  • BHom = Budge, Coptic Homilies, 1910.
  • 14 (p. 97–190)
    BIF = Bulletin de l'Instit. français…au Caire.
  • BKU = Berliner Kopt. Urkunden, acc. to vol., no. and, in long texts, lines.
  • Blake = Epiphanius, De XII Gemmis, ed. R. P. Blake, Coptic fragts. by H. De Vis, 1934 (in Lake's Studies & Documents).
  • BM = British Museum, Catalogue of Coptic MSS., 1905, acc. to numbers.
  • BMar = Budge, Coptic Martyrdoms, 1914.
  • BMEA = British Museum, Dept. of Egyptian & Assyr. Antiquities (papyri, ostraca, inscriptions).
  • BMis = Budge, Miscellaneous Coptic Texts, 1915.
  • d 54
    Bodl = Coptic MSS. in Bodleian, as (P) a 1 e, where italic = folio.
  • Bor = Codex Borgianus (where not printed by Zoega).
  • BP = Papyri & ostraca in Staatsmuseum, Berlin.
  • Br = Gnostische Schr. in Kopt. Sprache (Pap. Bruce), ed. C. Schmidt, 1892.
  • BSG = Budge, Martyrdom & Miracles of St. George, 1888.
  • BSM = Budge, St. Michael the Archangel, 1894.
  • C = Corpus Scriptorum Christian. Oriental., acc. to the “numéros d'ordre”:

    • T. 41 Sinuthii Vita, ed. J. Leipoldt, 1906.
    • 42 , 73 Sinuthii Opera, do., 1908, 1913.
    • 43 , 86 Acta Martyrum, edd. I. Balestri & H. Hyvernat, 1907, 1924.
    • 89, 99 , 100 S. Pachomii Vitae, ed. L. Th. Lefort, 1925, 1933.
  • c = constructed with (of verbs).
  • CA = Canons of Athanasius ed. Riedel & Crum (Text & Transl. Soc.), 1904.
  • Cai = MSS. &c. in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
  • (Cai)CoptMus = MSS. &c. in Coptic Museum, Cairo.
  • CaiEuch = Kitâb al-Khulâgy al-Muḳaddas (Euchologion), Cairo, 1902.
  • CaiThe = (Theotokia) v Absal.
  • Cant = Song of Songs.
  • Cat = Catenae in Evangelia, ed. Lagarde, 1886.
  • caus = causative verb.
  • CCVaI = Codicas Coptici Vaticani &c., T.I, edd. Hebbelynck & Lantschoot, Rome, 1937.
  • CDan = L. Clugnet, Vie de l'Abbá Daniel, wherein Guidi's Coptic text, acc. to pp. of this work.
  • Chaîne = M. Chaîne, Eléments de gram. dialectale copte, 1933.
  • Chr. = Chronicles.
  • cit = cited, quoted in following place.
  • Cl = C. Schmidt, Der I. Clemensbrief. 1908 } acc. to chh.
  • — = F. Röach, Bruchstücke des I. Clem. 1910 } of Greek text.
  • ClPr = Woide's MSS. belonging to the Clarendon Press (Crum's copies & photographs).
  • CMSS = Crum, Coptic MSS. from Fayyûm, 1893, acc. to pp.
  • CO = Crum, Coptic Ostraca, 1902.
  • Col = Epistle to Colossians.
  • Cor = Epistles to Corinthians.
  • '87 (pp. 374–379)
    CR = Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Inscr., Paris, acc. to year & page.
  • Dan = Daniel.
  • dem = demotic.
  • Deu = Deuteronomy.
  • DeV = H. De Vis, Homélies Coptes (= Coptica I, V), 1922, 1929 (DeV alone = vol. 1).
  • Dif The Difnar, ed. O'Leary, I, II, III, 1926–30.
  • diff = different reading, not useful for comparison.
  • DM = Demotic Magical Papyrus, ed. Griffith & Thompson, 1904 ff.
  • do = ditto, same as last word cited in this dialect.
  • Dozy = R. Dozy, Supplém. aux dict. arabes, 1881.
  • Eccl = Ecclesiastes.
  • EES = Egypt Exploration Soc. (olim Fund), MSS. &c. in their possession (Crum's copies).
  • El = Die Apokalypse d. Elias, ed. G. Steindorff, 1899.
  • EnPeterson = phot. of vellum leaves lent by Enoch P. (Univ. of Michigan). Originals not now traceable.
  • Ep = Monastery of Epiphanius, ed. Winlock, Crum & Evelyn White, 1926, acc. to numbers.
  • Eph = Epistle to Ephesians.
  • EpJer = Epistle of Jeremiah.
  • esp = especially.
  • Est = Esther.
  • EtLeem = Études…dédiées à C. Leemans, 1885.
  • EW = New Texts from the Monastery of St. Macarius, ed. H. G. Evelyn White, 1926.
  • — = do., his copies of MSS from Nitria (in Coptic Museum, Cairo).
  • Ex = Exodus.
  • Ez = Ezekiel.
  • f = feminine.
  • F = Fayyûmic & related dialects; F^b do. with Bohairic tendency.
  • Faras = Griffith, Oxford Excavations in Nubia, in Liverpool Annals of Archaeol. & Anthropol. (1) xiii 17, (2) ib. 49, (3) xiv 57.
  • FR = Forbes Robinson, Coptic Apocr. Gospels (= Texts & Studies iv), 1896.
  • Gal = Epistle to Galatians.
  • Ge = Genesis.
  • gen = genitive.
  • GFr = Georgi, Fragm. Evang. S. Iohannis, 1789.
  • Gk = Greek.
  • Glos = Greek-Coptic Glossary, ed. Bell & Crum, in Aegyptus vi 179, acc. to lines.
  • GMir = Georgi, Miracula S. Coluthi, 1793.
  • ??
    GöttA = Göttinger Abhandlungen; GöttN = do. Nachrichten.
  • GPar = S. Gaselee. Parerga Coptica, 1912, 1914.
  • GriffStu = Studies Presented to F. Ll. Griffith, 1932.
  • Gu = I. Guidi, Frammenti Copti I–VII (from ALR 1887 ff.), acc. to continuous pagination.
  • GuDorm = I. Guidi, Teste…sopra i Sette Dormienti (Mem. Acad. Linc., 1884).
  • H = G. Horner's text of N.T., 1898–1924.
  • Hab = Habakkuk.
  • Hag = Haggai.
  • Hall = H. R. Hall, Coptic & Greek Texts…Brit. Museum, 1905, acc. to pp.
  • HCons = G. Horner, Consecration of Church & Altar, 1902.
  • He = Epistle to Hebrews.
  • ?
    HengB = W. Hengstenberg in Beiträge z. Forschung… Heft III, J. Rosenthal, München, 1914.
  • HL = E. Amélineau, De Historia Lausiaca, 1887; but Hist Laus = E. C. Butler's edition of Greek text (= Texts & Studies vi).
  • Hor = Griffith, The Old Coptic Horoscope, in AZ 38 76 ff., acc. to pp. of publication.
  • Hos = Hosea.
  • HSt = G. Horner, Statutes of the Apostles, 1904; v also Stat.
  • HT = Sir Herbert Thompson's Saʿîdic MSS. (now in Cambridge Univ. Library), acc. to letters (B–Z) which distinguish them; or other references to him.
  • IF = Institut français, Cairo, MS. of Shenoute's Epistles (H. Munier's copy).
  • IgR = Ignazio Rossi, Etymologiae Aegyptiacae, 1808.
  • ImpRussArS = Imperial Russian Archaeolog. Soc. xviii, 1907 (Turaief).
  • inf = infra.
  • interj = interjection.
  • interrog = interrogative.
  • intr = intransitive (i.e. verb without immediate object, or one constructed with prep. ⲉ-).
  • Is = Isaiah.
  • J = Crum & Steindorff, Kopt. Rechtsurkunden…aus Djême, acc. to no. & line; JLeip = two such papyri in Leipzig University, Aegyptologisches Institut (cf below).
  • Ja = Epistle of James.
  • ?
    JA = Journal Asiatique, acc. to year, vol. & page.
  • J&C = H. I. Bell, Jews & Christians, 1924, acc. to pp.
  • JAOS = Journ. of American Orient. Soc.
  • Jer = Jeremiah.
  • ?
    Jern = P. Jernstedt, Kopt. Papyri d. Asiat. Mus. (Soc. Egyptol. Univ. Leningrad, no. 6, 1930), acc. to numbers.
  • JKP = H. Junker, Koptische Poesie, 1908, 1911 (from Oriens Christianus.)
  • Jo = John.
  • Jon = Jonah.
  • Jos = Joshua.
  • JSch = A. A. Schiller, Ten Coptic Legal Texts, New York, 1932 (includes JLeip, v above), acc. to numbers & lines.
  • Jth = Judith.
  • JTS = Journal of Theological Studies.
  • Jud = Judges.
  • K = A. Kircher, the Scalæ in Lingua Aegyptiaca Restituta, variants from Loret in Ann. I and other MSS.
  • Kam = Kambysesroman in BKU I, no. 31, acc. to pp. in lower margins & line.
  • Kandil = ⲡϫⲱⲙ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲑⲱϩⲥ ⲉⲑ︤ⲩ︥ (Kitâb al-Masḥah, ay al-Ḳandîl), ed. C. Labîb, Cairo, AM. 1625, v TRit 144 ff.
  • Kg = 1, 2 Samuel, & 1, 2 Kings.
  • KKS = O. von Lemm, Kleine Kopt. Studien, acc. to continuous pagination.
  • Kr = J. Krall, Kopt. Texte (Rainer Corpus II), acc. to numbers.
  • Kropp = A. Kropp, Ausgewählte Kopt. Zaubertexte, 1930–31, numbered by letters A, B &c.
  • l = legendum.
  • Lab = C. Labîb, Coptic-Arabic Dictionary (ⲡⲓⲗⲉⲝⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲛϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ Ḳâmûs al-Luġah al-Ḳibṭîyah al-Maṣrîyah), Cairo, AM. 1611 ff.
  • ?
    Lacau = fragments of Jo & Ap F, copied by P. Lacau (v Bull. Corr. Hellén. xxv 400)
  • Lacr = M. V. La Croze, Lexicon Aegyptiaco-Latinum, 1775.
  • Lag = P. de Lagarde, his editions of Coptic texts.
  • Lakân = Kitâb al-Lakân, Cairo, 1921.
  • LAl = Lemm, Der Alexanderroman.
  • Lam = Lamentations.
  • Lammayer = Die sogen. Gnomen d. Concils v. Nicaea (Dissert.), Beirut, 1912.
  • Lant. = A. van Lantschoot, Recueil de Colophons…sahidiques, 1929, acc. to numbers; also copies by.
  • LAp = Lemm, Apokryphe Apostelacten.
  • LBib = Lemm, Sahidische Bibelfragmente I, II, III.
  • LCypr = Lemm, Cyprian v. Antiochien.
  • LDi = Lemm, Eine dem Dionysios Areopag. zugeschr. Schrift.
  • Lect = Lectionary.
  • Leip = Leipzig University, Tischendorf's Bohairic MSS. (Crum's copies).
  • LeipBer = Berichte d. phil.-histor. Klasse d. kgl. säch. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch.
  • Lev = Leviticus.
  • Leyd = Manuscrits coptes du Musée…à Leide, 1897, acc. to pages.
  • LeydAC = Antiquités Coptes (Catal. du Musée), 1900, acc. to pages.
  • LIb = Lemm, Iberica.
  • lit = literally.
  • LMär = Lemm, Bruchstücke Kopt. Märtyrerakten.
  • 81
    130
    LMis = Lemm, Koptische Miscellen, acc. to continuous pagination.
  • Löw = Im. Löw, Aramäische Pflanzennamen, 1881, acc. to pp.
  • LöwF = Flora der Juden, 1926 ff.
  • Lu = Luke.
  • m = masculine.
  • Mac = Maccabees.
  • Mal = Malachi.
  • Mallon = A. Mallon, Grammaire copte², 1907.
  • Mani1 = copies of Chester Beatty's unpublished Manichaean papyri by H. J. Polotsky & H. Thompson.
  • Mani2 = copies of sim. papyri at Berlin by Polotsky.
  • ManiH = Manichäische Homelien, ed. Polotsky, 1934.
  • ManiK = Kephalaia, edd. Polotsky & A. Böhlig, 1934 ff.
  • ManiP = A Manichaean Psalm-book, Pt. ii, ed. C. R. C. Allberry, 1938.
  • MartIgn = Lightfoot, Ignatius¹, ii 1 865 ff.
  • MélOr = Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale, Université de Beyrouth.
  • MG = Annales du Musée Guimet, Paris.
  • Mic = Micah.
  • Mich 550, a series of vellum leaves at Michigan University, independently numbered thus (but cf note in Preface).
  • 2
    MIE = Mémoires de l'Instit. Égyptien, Cairo.
  • 9
    23
    MIF = Mémoires…de l'Instit. franç. d'Archéol. orient. au Caire.
  • Ming = J. A. Mingarelli, Aegyptiorum Codd. Reliquiae, 1785.
  • 1
    4
    8
    Miss = Mémoires…de la Mission archéol. franç. au Caire.
  • Mk = Mark.
  • MMA = MSS. & ostraca in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Montp = Bohairic Scala in library of Faculté de Médecine, Montpellier (H. Munier's copy).
  • Mor = MSS. belonging to Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, New York, as reproduced & numbered in 56 vols. of photographs, acc. to nos. & pp. of these volumes (not identical with those of Check List, 1919).
  • 2, 3
    4
    MR = Mittheilungen a. d. Papyrussamml. Erzh. Rainer.
  • Mt = Matthew.
  • Mun = Manuscrits coptes, par H. Munier (Catal. Gén. Musée du Caire, 1916), acc. to pages.
  • Mus = Le Muséon (periodical), acc. to pages.
  • My = Le Mystère des Lettres grecques, ed. A. Hebbelynck (from Muséon, 1900, 1901).
  • N&E = Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
  • Nah = Nahum.
  • ⲛ︤ⲉ︥ = ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ.
  • nn = noun.
  • Nu = Numbers.
  • O = Old Coptic idiom (AZ 21 93 ff., 38 76 ff.)
  • Ob = Obadiah.
  • obj = object.
  • O'LearyH = De Lacy O'Leary: Fragmentary Coptic Hymns, 1924.
  • —The = De Lacy O'Leary: The Coptic Theotokia, 1923.
  • OLZ = Orientalistische Litteraturzeitung.
  • om = omits, omitted.
  • opp = as opposed to, contrasted with.
  • Ora = Orientalia (periodical), Rome.
  • OratCyp = Oratio Cypriani in Veröffentl. a. d. badischen Papyrussamml., Heft 5, 1934, p. 305 ff.
  • OrChr = Oriens Christianus (periodical).
  • Osir = M. A. Murray, The Osireion, 1904.
  • Ostr = ostracon.
  • Ostr.Chicago = Till's copies of ostraca from Chicago Expedition, 1931.
  • P = MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (Crum's copies).
  • PAl = Papyri in Museum at Alexandria, ed. de Ricci & Winstedt in Sphinx x, also Crum's copies.
  • PAmh = The Amherst Papyri, ed. Grenfell & Hunt, 1901.
  • paral = parallel word or phrase.
  • PasH = Paschal Hymns: Kitâb Ṭaruḥât al-Baskhah al-Muḳaddasah, Old Cairo, 1914.
  • PasLect = ⲡⲓϫⲱⲙ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲡⲁⲥⲭⲁ ⲉⲑ︤ⲃ︥, Cairo, 1921 (cf PO xxiv).
  • pass = passim.
  • PBad = Veröffentl. a. d. badischen Papyrussamml., Heft 5.
  • P. Beatty = Papyri in collection of Mr. Chester Beatty, London (Crum's copies).
  • PBu = Coptic legal papyrus olim penes Sir E. A. W. Budge (Crum's copy), now at Columbia University.
  • p c = conjunctive participle.
  • PCai = Papyrus grecs d'époque byzantine, ed. J. Maspero (Catal. Gén. Musée du Caire, 1911 ff.).
  • PChass = Two medical papyri penes E. Chassinat.
  • Pcod = Papyruscodex saec. vi–vii…Cheltenham, ed. Crum, 1915, acc. to pp. of printed book.
  • PcodF = fayyûmic text of same, ed. W. Erichsen (Danish Acad., 1932).
  • PcodMor = Mr. Pierpont Morgan's papyrus volume of Psalms &c. (H. Thompson's copy).
  • PCol = Papyri at Columbia University, New York (A. Schiller's copies).
  • Pet = Epistles of Peter.
  • Pey = A. Peyron, Lexicon Linguae Copticae, 1835.
  • PG = Migne's Patrologia, Series Graeca.
  • PGen = magical papyrus in University Library, Geneva (photograph).
  • I
    PGM = Papyri Graecae Magicae, ed. K. Preisendanz I, II, 1928, 1931.
  • PGol = Papyri formerly in W. Golenischeff's collection, from photographs sent by O. von Lemm.
  • Phil = Epistle to Philippians.
  • PJkôw = Papyri (6th c.) thence, Cairo Mus. (Lacau's copies).
  • pl = plural.
  • PLich = Papyri belonging to N. P. Lichatschev (P. Jernstedt's copies).
  • PLond = Greek Papyri in British Museum, ed. Kenyon & Bell, acc. to pp.
  • PMéd = Un Papyrus Médical Copte, ed. E. Chassinat (= MIF. 32), 1921, acc. to pp.
  • PMich = Papyri at Michigan University, with year of acquisition where no. not ascertained.
  • PMon = Byzantinische Papyri…zu München, ed. Heisenberg & Wenger, 1914, acc. to pp.
  • PNolot = rest of papyrus ed. V. Loret, Rec 16 103 (Kuentz's copy).
  • 16
    PO = Patrologia Orientalis.
  • poss = possessive pronoun.
  • POxy = Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ed. Grenfell & Hunt.
  • PRain = Papyri in the Rainer Collection (Staatsbibl.), Vienna (Till's copies), more often as Vi.
  • pref = prefix.
  • Preisigke = F. Preisigke, Namenbuch, 1922.
  • prep = preposition.
  • pres = present tense, thus: 1 pres, 2 pres.
  • Pro = Proverbs.
  • prob = probably.
  • pron = pronoun.
  • PS = Pistis Sophia, ed. C. Schmidt (= Coptica II), 1925.
  • Ps = Psalms, acc. to the LXX numeration.
  • PSBA = Proceedings of Soc. of Biblical Archaeology.
  • PStras = Papyri in University Library, Strassburg (Crum's copies, 1912).
  • PVi = Papyri in Staatsbibliothek, Vienna (Till's copies).
  • qual = qualitative of verb; also indicated by †.
  • R = I Papiri Copti…di Torino, ed. F. Rossi, acc. to volume, fascicule & page.
  • RAC = E. Revillout, Actes et Contrats…de Boulaq et du Louvre, 1876.
  • RAl = F. Rossi, Alcuni MSS. Copti…di Torino (= Memorie…Torino, ser. ii, tom. xliii), acc. to pp. of separate publication.
  • RChamp = Recueil d'Études…J. F. Champollion, 1922.
  • 9?
    RE = Revue Égyptologique.
  • 39
    Rec = Recueil de Travaux &c.
  • refl = reflexive use.
  • rel = relative.
  • Rendiconti, v ALR.
  • Ricci = MSS. & copies belonging to Seymour de Ricci (Crum's copies).
  • RNC = F. Rossi, Un Nuovo Cod. Copto (Memorie Accad. Lincei, 1893), acc. to pp. of separate publication.
  • Ro = Epistle to Romans.
  • 1913
    17
    ROC = Revue de l'Orient Chrétien, acc. to vol.
  • Rösch = F. Rösch, Vorbemerkungen zu e. Gramm. d. achmîmischen Mundart, 1909, acc. to pp.
  • Ru = Ruth.
  • Ryl = Catal. of Coptic MSS. in John Rylands Library, 1909, acc. to numbers; RylSuppl = MSS. acquired since publication of catalogue (cf Ryl Bull. 5).
  • S = Saʿîdic dialect; S^a Saʿîdic with Achmîmic tendency (mostly Theban), S^f with Fayyûmic tendency.
  • Sa = Wisdom of Solomon.
  • Salîb = Kitâb aṣ-Ṣalîb, Cairo, 1921.
  • Saq = Coptic texts ed. by H. Thompson in Quibell's Excavations at Saqqara, 1909, 1912.
  • Sdff = G. Steindorff, Koptische Grammatik², acc. to §§, or information from him.
  • s f = sub fine.
  • sg = singular.
  • Sh = works of Shenoute (& of his disciple Besa). Prefixed to all quotations from their writings (doubtfully to Mor 54).
  • SHel = G. P. G. Sobhy, Le Martyre de St. Hélias, Cairo, 1919.
  • Si = Ecclesiasticus, acc. to Lagarde's numeration.
  • sim = similar in use or in meaning to the last quoted instance.
  • Sitz = Sitzungsberichte.
  • Sobhy = information supplied by Dr. G. P. G. Sobhy, Cairo.
  • Spg = W. Spiegelberg, Koptisches Handwörterbuch, 1921.
  • Sph = Sphinx (periodical).
  • ST = Crum, Short Texts from Coptic Ostraca & Papyri, 1921.
  • Stat = G. Horner, Statutes of the Apostles; also HSt.
  • Stegemann = Kopt. Zaubertexte, ed. V. Stegemann (Sitz. d. Heidelb. Akad., 1934).
  • Stern = L. Stern, Koptische Grammatik, acc. to §§.
  • Su = Susanna.
  • suff = suffix.
  • Synax = Synaxarium Alexandrinum, ed. J. Forget (CSCO.), 1905, 1912.
  • Tatt = H. Tattam, Lexicon Aegyptiaco-Latinum, 1835.
  • TDi = Tuki, Diurnum Alexandrinum, 1750.
  • 1:
    2:
    TEuch = do., Pontificale et Euchologium, 1761.
  • Thes = Epistles to Thessalonians.
  • Ti = Epistle to Titus.
  • Till = W. Till, Achmîmisch-Kopt. Grammatik, 1928, acc. to §§.
  • — Bau = Eine Kopt. Bauernpraktik (Mitt. d. deut. Inst. Kairo, vi, 1936).
  • — Oster = Osterbrief u. Predigt in achm. Dialekt, Vienna, 1931 (at first as Vi 10157).
  • Tim = Epistles to Timothy.
  • Tob = Tobit.
  • Tor = Coptic Ostraca, ed. H. Thompson in Theban Ostraca…Toronto (University of Toronto Studies), 1913, acc. to numbers.
  • tr = transitive.
  • Tri = Lemm, Das Triadon, 1903, acc. to stanzas.
  • TRit = Tuki, Rituale, 1763.
  • TSBA = Transactions of the Soc. of Bibl. Archaeology.
  • TstAb = I. Guidi, Testo copto del Testam. di Abramo &c. (= ALR, 1900).
  • TT = Crum, Theolog. Texts from Coptic Papyri, 1913.
  • TThe = Tuki, Theotokia, 1764.
  • TU = Gebhardt, Harnack & C. Schmidt, Texte u. Untersuchungen (Bd. 43 Gespräche Jesu).
  • Tuki = Tuki, Rudimenta Linguae Coptae, 1778.
  • ?
    TurM = B. Turaief, Materiali &c. (v AZ 40 150, Orient. Bibliographie xv, no. 111 a), acc. to numbers.
  • ?
    TurO = do., Koptskia Ostraka…Golenishtshef (= Bull. Acad. Imp. x, no. 5, 1899), acc. to numbers.
  • Turin ostr = ostraca in Museo Archeol., Turin (Crum's copies).
  • V = vide.
  • 57
    58
    59
    61
    Va = MSS. in Vatican Library, acc. to photographs or to copies by H. De Vis.
  • var = variant, in same dialect.
  • vb = verb.
  • Vi = Vienna, MSS. & ostraca in the Staats (olim Hof) bibliothek.
  • Wess = C. Wessely, Studien z. Paläographie &c., acc. to vol. & page.
  • WHatch = a B MS penes the Rev. W. Hatch, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Win = ostraca from Winlock's excavations 1927–8, in Cairo Museum.
  • Wor = W. H. Worrell, Coptic MSS. in Freer Collection (University of Michigan Studies), 1923.
  • WS = Crum & Bell, Coptic Texts from Wadi Sarga (= Coptica III), 1922, acc. to pp.
  • WTh = E. O. Winstedt, Coptic Texts on St. Theodore (Text & Transl. Soc.), 1910.
  • WZKM = Wiener Zeitsch. f. d. Kunde d. Morgenlandes.
  • Z = G. Zoega, Catalogus Codd. Copticorum &c. 1810, acc. to pp.
  • Zech = Zechariah.
  • Zeph = Zephaniah.
  • ZNTW = Zeitsch. f. d. Neutestamentl. Wissenschaft.
  • † = (after verbal forms) qualitative.
  • ( ) = Coptic letter inserted by editor, except in headings, where they indicate variants or hypothetical forms.
  • ? = perhaps, possibly.
  • Kopt Kunst Strzygowski, Koptische Kunst
• • Ac = Acts of the Apostles.
  • Am = Amos.
  • Ap = Apocalypse.
  • Bar = Baruch.
  • Cant = Song of Songs.
  • Chr. = Chronicles.
  • Col = Epistle to Colossians.
  • Cor = Epistles to Corinthians.
  • Dan = Daniel.
  • Deu = Deuteronomy.
  • Eccl = Ecclesiastes.
  • Eph = Epistle to Ephesians.
  • EpJer = Epistle of Jeremiah.
  • Est = Esther.
  • Ex = Exodus.
  • Ez = Ezekiel.
  • Gal = Epistle to Galatians.
  • Ge = Genesis.
  • Hab = Habakkuk.
  • Hag = Haggai.
  • He = Epistle to Hebrews.
  • Hos = Hosea.
  • Is = Isaiah.
  • Ja = Epistle of James.
  • Jer = Jeremiah.
  • Jo = John.
  • Jon = Jonah.
  • Jos = Joshua.
  • Jth = Judith.
  • Jud = Judges.
  • Kg = 1, 2 Samuel, & 1, 2 Kings.
  • Lam = Lamentations.
  • Lev = Leviticus.
  • Lu = Luke.
  • Mac = Maccabees.
  • Mal = Malachi.
  • Mic = Micah.
  • Mk = Mark.
  • Mt = Matthew.
  • Nah = Nahum.
  • Nu = Numbers.
  • Ob = Obadiah.
  • Pet = Epistles of Peter.
  • Phil = Epistle to Philippians.
  • Pro = Proverbs.
  • Ps = Psalms, acc. to the LXX numeration.
  • Ro = Epistle to Romans.
  • Ru = Ruth.
  • Sa = Wisdom of Solomon.
  • Si = Ecclesiasticus, acc. to Lagarde's numeration.
  • Su = Susanna.
  • Thes = Epistles to Thessalonians.
  • Ti = Epistle to Titus.
  • Tim = Epistles to Timothy.
  • Tob = Tobit.
  • Zech = Zechariah.
  • Zeph = Zephaniah.
• • A = Achmîmic dialect; A² = Subachmîmic dialect.
  • acc = accusative.
  • adj = adjective.
  • Ar, ar = Arabic.
  • art = article.
  • B = Bohairic dialect.
  • c = constructed with (of verbs).
  • caus = causative verb.
  • cit = cited, quoted in following place.
  • dem = demotic.
  • diff = different reading, not useful for comparison.
  • do = ditto, same as last word cited in this dialect.
  • esp = especially.
  • f = feminine.
  • F = Fayyûmic & related dialects; F^b do. with Bohairic tendency.
  • gen = genitive.
  • Gk = Greek.
  • inf = infra.
  • interj = interjection.
  • interrog = interrogative.
  • intr = intransitive (i.e. verb without immediate object, or one constructed with prep. ⲉ-).
  • l = legendum.
  • lit = literally.
  • m = masculine.
  • ⲛ︤ⲉ︥ = ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ.
  • nn = noun.
  • O = Old Coptic idiom (AZ 21 93 ff., 38 76 ff.)
  • obj = object.
  • om = omits, omitted.
  • opp = as opposed to, contrasted with.
  • paral = parallel word or phrase.
  • pass = passim.
  • p c = conjunctive participle.
  • pl = plural.
  • poss = possessive pronoun.
  • pref = prefix.
  • prep = preposition.
  • pres = present tense, thus: 1 pres, 2 pres.
  • prob = probably.
  • pron = pronoun.
  • qual = qualitative of verb; also indicated by †.
  • refl = reflexive use.
  • rel = relative.
  • S = Saʿîdic dialect; S^a Saʿîdic with Achmîmic tendency (mostly Theban), S^f with Fayyûmic tendency.
  • s f = sub fine.
  • sg = singular.
  • sim = similar in use or in meaning to the last quoted instance.
  • suff = suffix.
  • tr = transitive.
  • V = vide.
  • var = variant, in same dialect.
  • vb = verb.
  • † = (after verbal forms) qualitative.
  • ( ) = Coptic letter inserted by editor, except in headings, where they indicate variants or hypothetical forms.
  • ? = perhaps, possibly.

Additions and Corrections

a, b refer to columns 1 & 2.

Dictionary

This index is strictly alphabetical, e.g. break and broken, sick and sickness are independent entries.

The repeated occurrence of a word in the same column is not indicated.

Entries in roman type are those of words not amenable to more precise translation.

(Add) indicates Additions and Corrections.

More than once occurrence on a page is indicated by an asterisk.

(Add) indicates Additions and Corrections.